Dual-adjustment and controlling of TSC – mTOR – S6Kinase pathway via AMPK and in collaboration with insulin – PI3K signaling. Recently has been found out that its key factor in the metabolism of glucose.
AMPK usually activating by the elevated ratio of AMP: ATP was primarily discovered as a switch that regulates oxidation of fatty acids in the heart and skeletal muscles.
The amp-activated kinase is a threonine-serine kinase that has come to light and got attention for its regulatory effect on energy homeostasis of cells. Despite the advances in modern medicines, T2DM continues to be a public concern.Įffect of chromium on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) First drug-based treatment for DM patients is anti-diabetic medications like Glibenclamide or Metformin if a change in lifestyle did not nail the set goals. T2DM is characterized by defects in pancreatic insulin secretion or action causing hyperglycaemia attributable to disturbances in carbohydrate, lipid metabolism. Chronic hyperalimentation such as high-fat diet, fried and junk food besides inactive and sedentary lifestyle along with lack of physical activity all together contributed to the increasing prevalence of diabetes. A major cause of the increased prevalence of T2DM is the growing epidemic of obesity. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. T2DM turns out to be a worldwide health issue, with the global cases of T2DM projected to be 350 million by the year 2030.
#CHROMIUM GLUCOSE TOLERANCE FACTOR TRIAL#
The exceptional indicator of Cr deficiency is impaired glucose tolerance and there is numerous clinical trial which proven the beneficial effects of Cr on individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and T2DM. The symptoms of Cr deficiency are the same as in metabolic syndrome, high TG, low HDL, hypertension and visceral obesity. Nicotinate and histidine which shown effective signs in diabetic control by improving insulin sensitivity. There are many Cr compounds in nature and synthesized in a laboratory that is biologically active. Very less amount of Cr occurs naturally in a variety of foods (< 2 micrograms per serving), such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, spices, and meats. Small amounts of trivalent Cr are needed for human health. You can inhale trace of Cr by breathing air. Out of all forms of Cr compounds, trivalent Cr is the most stable form in a biological system and found in food, and hexavalent is a toxic agent and found in industrial pollution. Cr with symbol "Cr" with a molecular weight of 51.9961 +/- 0.0006 u occupying allotted space number 24 in Mendeleev table. Minerals are essential nutrients for the body and chromium is one of them. The outcome of this review is to bring the pros and cons of chromium supplementation along with is safety and toxicity concern beside molecular pathways, biochemistry and clinical trials, all in one comprehensive review. The biological activities, pharmacological features, clinical implications including efficacy and role of chromium compounds on the glycaemic index will be discussed. This review trying to cover the entire picture from what chromium is to the recent updates on their greater role in increasing insulin sensitivity of cells and enhancing lipid metabolism and even recent findings suggest its positive effects including prevention and ameliorating properties on depression. Then precisely according to our aim and goal and regarding designed objectives dismisses similar articles and finally came to 84 articles for the above said period. Primarily articles gathered from the above search engines. For this review research articles, clinical trials, from 1 st Jan’10 to 31 st Dec’18 and refer literature for the biochemical, pharmacological and biological activity of Chromium. many research papers and clinical trials published about the significance of chromium on biological activities, pre and post clinical. Diabetes is one of the most prevalent endocrine diseases or in other words, the most severe metabolic syndrome (MS), which associated with high production of free-radicals which is out of bodies detoxifying machine capacity or high oxidative stress (HOS), vasculitis and elevated lipid profile. Chromium (Cr) is an essential trace element which found naturally in a daily diet and available in the form of supplementary tablets to boost disorders like diabetes mellitus (DM) and functions like lipid metabolism and beneficial on depression too.
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